Следователи раскрыли детали произошедшей с детьми в Звенигороде трагедии20:49
Названо необходимое для чистого воздуха количество растений в доме14:53
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25Carboxysome is especially illuminating as it offers another instance of convergent evolution; the two lineages of carboxysomes (α and β) in marine and freshwater cyanobacteria evolved independently but share the same general structure, despite differences in gene organization and protein sequences. Only 100-500 nm in diameter, these icosahedral structures are composed of hexameric proteins, with pentamers at the vertices. They serve as reaction chambers for ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), the famous CO2-fixing enzyme, known for its catalytic slowness and poor selectivity for CO2 over O2. Inside carboxysomes, RuBisCO is colocalized with another enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, which converts bicarbonate into carbon dioxide. Thanks to the local abundance of CO2, RuBisCO is much more efficient than on its own. Carboxysome shells are also selectively permeable for oxygen, mostly keeping it out and preventing it from competing with CO2 for RuBisCO’s catalytic activity.
There's a bunch of forces here, but the only new one is what we call the tension force (T) in the chain. This results in an equal force pulling each locomotive in the backward direction. Resisting that pull is the static friction force (Ffs), which is now pushing in the forward direction.
Caspar was not the only scientist attempting to solve the structure of TMV. Indeed, many of the greatest thinkers of the time converged at the University of Cambridge because it had the most powerful X-ray sources for crystallographic imaging, crucial for the structural studies of viruses. James Watson was primarily interested in TMV in hopes of solving the structure of RNA.10